Articulation & Phonology

Producing speech sounds clearly and correctly using age-appropriate phonological patterns.

Examples & Achievements

• Speech is intelligible to unfamiliar adults 90%+ of the time
• Produces most consonant sounds correctly
• May still be developing /r/, /l/, /th/, and consonant clusters
• No longer uses early phonological processes (fronting, stopping, cluster reduction)

How to Measure

• Intelligibility rating by unfamiliar listener (target 90-100%)
• Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation (GFTA-3)
• Phonological process analysis (most processes eliminated by age 5)
• Can produce all vowels and consonants except possibly /r/, /l/, /s/ blends, /th/