Childhood Map

Discover the amazing things 5-year-olds are learning — from climbing and jumping to friendships, feelings, and first words on a page. Each skill comes with fun activities you can try together.

Emotional Development

Intrapersonal awareness and management of emotions — knowing what one feels, why, and what to do about it.

Sources (6)
  • CASEL (Self-Awareness, Self-Management)
  • Polish Podstawa Programowa (Emocjonalny)
  • Daniel Siegel ("The Whole-Brain Child")
  • UK EYFS (Personal, Social & Emotional Development)
  • ASQ:SE-2
  • Teaching Strategies GOLD
5 Subdomains
Emotional Awareness & Literacy Emotional Regulation & Coping6 Empathy & Emotional Responsiveness Self-Concept & Confidence Resilience & Frustration Tolerance
Emotional Regulation & Coping

Managing emotional intensity, calming down, and using strategies to cope with difficult feelings.

Examples & Achievements

  • Uses a calming strategy when upset (deep breaths, counting, quiet space)
  • Recovers from a tantrum or meltdown within 5-10 minutes
  • Manages transitions between activities without prolonged distress
  • Expresses frustration verbally rather than physically
  • Accepts "no" or a change of plans with only brief disappointment

How to Measure

  • Uses an independent calming strategy at least once per day (observed)
  • Recovery time from upset is 10 minutes or less (parent/teacher report)
  • Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC)
  • ASQ:SE-2 Self-Regulation section
  • Frequency of physical aggression incidents (decreasing trend)
Sources (4)
  • CASEL
  • Siegel
  • EYFS (Self-Regulation)
  • Zelazo (Hot EF)
6 Exercises
First-Then Board & Transition Countdown Shake-It-Out & Stomp Routine Lap Anchor & Heart-Hand Hug The No-Game & Plan-Change Practice Feelings Story Time (Picture-Book Bibliotherapy) Worry Box & Worry-Time Ritual
Shake-It-Out & Stomp Routine

A short, vigorous physical-release sequence — jump, stomp, push the wall, blow out a long breath — used as a safe alternative to hitting, kicking, or throwing when frustration is too big for words. Big-muscle discharge gives somatic energy somewhere acceptable to go, and the closing slow-exhale brings the nervous system back down.

  1. Pick 3–4 release moves together in a calm moment. Reliable options: 5 frog jumps, wall push (face the wall, palms flat, push as hard as you can for 10 seconds), elephant stomp for 10 seconds, shake the whole body for 10 seconds, balloon breath (huge inhale, slow long exhale, shoulders dropping), animal run in circles. Big-muscle proprioceptive moves (pushing, jumping) and slow exhales both downshift the nervous system.
  2. Make a menu card. A single piece of paper with stick- figure drawings of the 4 chosen moves. The child labels it (“My Mad-Body Moves,” “Tiger Power Plan”). Stick it on the fridge.
  3. Rehearse daily for a week. Silly, fast, fun. The child must know the moves in their muscles before they can deploy them under stress.
  4. Introduce the cue. “When your body feels like hitting or stomping, your body needs to MOVE. We can do mad-body-moves instead. Want to try?”
  5. Offer (don’t impose) at the first sign of rising frustration. “Your body looks fizzy. Frog jumps or wall push?” Two options reduce overwhelm.
  6. Close with a slow-exhale move — the wall push held with a long breath, or the balloon. Big-muscle activation followed by slow exhale is the regulation arc; just shaking without the calm exhale leaves the child wound up. End with one belly breath together.

Variation: bubble-wrap stomping (huge favourite), knead playdough for two minutes, squeeze and release a sofa cushion ten times. Outdoor version: run around a tree five times. For verbal children, add a “big mad voice” outlet — go to the bathroom and yell into a folded towel for 5 seconds, then come back.

Requirements

  • Space: A clear 1.5 m × 1.5 m area, or outdoors
  • Surface: Carpet, rug, or grass — any non-slippery floor
  • Materials: None required; optional balloon, bubble wrap, playdough, or sofa cushion; a hand-drawn 4-move menu card on the fridge
  • Participants: 1 child solo, or 1 adult + 1 child doing it together
  • Supervision: Light — adult co-does the moves the first dozen times; later the child self-deploys

Rationale & Objective

Big-muscle, weight-bearing input — proprioceptive activity like pushing, pulling, jumping — is one of the most reliable somatic-regulation tools in occupational-therapy practice (Ayres, 1979/2005; Dunn, 1997). For a 5-year-old whose frustration tips into hitting, kicking, or throwing, the underlying problem is usually that somatic energy has nowhere acceptable to go — the limbic system mobilises the body and the prefrontal “use your words” command cannot compete. Substituting an approved, intense, safe motor outlet addresses the somatic need directly rather than fighting it. Polyvagal Theory (Porges, 2011) frames this as cycling from sympathetic activation back to ventral-vagal calm via movement + slow exhale. The AAP’s Power of Play clinical report (Yogman et al., 2018) recommends short bursts of vigorous physical activity for self-regulation, and the AAP’s preschool activity guidelines call for 3 hours of physical activity per day. Critical evidence-based caveat: never include hitting a pillow, punching bag, or person as a “release.” Bushman’s (2002) classic and decades of follow-up research disconfirmed the catharsis hypothesis — practising aggression increases later aggression rather than discharging it. The legitimate routine is discharge through non-aggressive motor activity → slow exhale → calm.

Progress Indicators

  • Early: hits, kicks, or throws when frustrated; cannot access the menu when upset; needs the adult to demonstrate the moves on the spot
  • Developing: with one verbal prompt (“Mad-body-moves?”) does 1–2 release moves; still occasionally hits but recovers faster afterward
  • Proficient: spontaneously goes to do wall pushes or frog jumps when frustrated; uses the menu independently; substitutes the release for the hit most of the time
  • Advanced: verbalises what the body needs (“I need to jump”); deploys the strategy in novel settings (park, friend’s house, supermarket); teaches a sibling or peer the moves

Safety Notes

  • Clear the space before jumping or stomping — no coffee-table corners, no glass, no younger sibling underfoot
  • Wall pushes need a solid wall (not a flimsy partition, glass, mirror, or TV)
  • Skip bubble-wrap stomping on slippery floors — the wrap slides; use carpet or a rug
  • For joint-hypermobility, asthma, or cardiac conditions, consult a pediatrician before vigorous routines; use only the slow-exhale moves
  • Never use the routine as punishment (“Do 20 push-ups for hitting!”) — it must remain a tool, not a consequence
  • Watch for sensory overload — for some children loud stomping or shaking actually escalates; substitute deep-pressure squeezes (bear hugs, heavy-blanket roll) or pushing-on-the-wall (gentler proprioceptive input)
  • Critical: never include hitting a person, pillow, or punching bag as a “release.” Research on the catharsis hypothesis (Bushman, 2002) shows practising aggression increases later aggression rather than discharging it

Hints

  • Playfulness: name the routine (“The Sillies Shake,” “Mad-Body Moves,” “Tiger Power”); let the child choreograph their own moves; do it to a favourite song
  • Sustain interest: rotate one move per week (this week we add “ninja kicks”); keep a small “moves of the week” rotation card; do family-version where everyone joins in
  • Common mistake: skipping the slow-exhale closer (leaves the child wound up); imposing the routine (“DO YOUR JUMPS NOW!” — converts it to coercion); using punching-a-pillow as a “release” (the catharsis myth — research consistently shows this practises aggression rather than discharges it)
  • Limited space: wall pushes need only a wall; tight breathing into cupped hands (“balloon hands”) and silent stomping in place work in a hallway, hotel room, or aeroplane aisle (skip jumping in the car)
  • Cross-domain: count the jumps or push-seconds (numeracy); name the body parts (anatomy); pair with breathing (interoception); offer to a sibling or parent (perspective-taking + helping)
  • Progression: adult co-does each move → child does with verbal prompt → child picks from the menu when offered → child self-initiates → child uses internal version (squeezing fists, long exhale) when in public

Sources

  • Porges, S. W. (2011). *The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-Regulation*. W. W. Norton
  • Ayres, A. J. (1979/2005). *Sensory Integration and the Child* (25th Anniversary ed.). Western Psychological Services
  • Dunn, W. (1997). "The impact of sensory processing abilities on the daily lives of young children and their families: A conceptual model." Infants and Young Children, 9(4), 23–35
  • Bushman, B. J. (2002). "Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger, and aggressive responding." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(6), 724–731 (foundational disconfirmation of catharsis)
  • Yogman, M., Garner, A., Hutchinson, J., Hirsh-Pasek, K. & Golinkoff, R. M. (2018). "The Power of Play: A Pediatric Role in Enhancing Development in Young Children." Pediatrics, 142(3): e20182058
  • Lillas, C. & Turnbull, J. (2009). *Infant/Child Mental Health, Early Intervention, and Relationship-Based Therapies*. W. W. Norton — neurorelational framework on arousal regulation
  • Schmitt, S. A., Pentimonti, J. M. & Justice, L. M. (2018). "Movement and self-regulation in early childhood: An evidence review." American Journal of Play
  • Diamond, A. & Lee, K. (2011). "Interventions Shown to Aid Executive Function Development in Children 4 to 12 Years Old." Science, 333(6045), 959–964 — physical activity as an EF support
  • National Center for Pyramid Model Innovations — "Helping Young Children Control Anger and Handle Disappointment" practical-strategies brief
  • American Academy of Pediatrics — physical-activity recommendations for preschoolers (3 hours/day)
  • Head Start ELOF — Perceptual, Motor & Physical Development; Social and Emotional Development (Emotional Functioning)
  • CASEL — Self-Management competency (impulse control; managing emotions)

A short, vigorous physical-release sequence — jump, stomp, push the wall, blow out a long breath — used as a safe alternative to hitting, kicking, or throwing when frustration is too big for words. Big-muscle discharge gives somatic energy somewhere acceptable to go, and the closing slow-exhale brings the nervous system back down.

  1. Pick 3–4 release moves together in a calm moment. Reliable options: 5 frog jumps, wall push (face the wall, palms flat, push as hard as you can for 10 seconds), elephant stomp for 10 seconds, shake the whole body for 10 seconds, balloon breath (huge inhale, slow long exhale, shoulders dropping), animal run in circles. Big-muscle proprioceptive moves (pushing, jumping) and slow exhales both downshift the nervous system.
  2. Make a menu card. A single piece of paper with stick- figure drawings of the 4 chosen moves. The child labels it (“My Mad-Body Moves,” “Tiger Power Plan”). Stick it on the fridge.
  3. Rehearse daily for a week. Silly, fast, fun. The child must know the moves in their muscles before they can deploy them under stress.
  4. Introduce the cue. “When your body feels like hitting or stomping, your body needs to MOVE. We can do mad-body-moves instead. Want to try?”
  5. Offer (don’t impose) at the first sign of rising frustration. “Your body looks fizzy. Frog jumps or wall push?” Two options reduce overwhelm.
  6. Close with a slow-exhale move — the wall push held with a long breath, or the balloon. Big-muscle activation followed by slow exhale is the regulation arc; just shaking without the calm exhale leaves the child wound up. End with one belly breath together.

Variation: bubble-wrap stomping (huge favourite), knead playdough for two minutes, squeeze and release a sofa cushion ten times. Outdoor version: run around a tree five times. For verbal children, add a “big mad voice” outlet — go to the bathroom and yell into a folded towel for 5 seconds, then come back.

Big-muscle, weight-bearing input — proprioceptive activity like pushing, pulling, jumping — is one of the most reliable somatic-regulation tools in occupational-therapy practice (Ayres, 1979/2005; Dunn, 1997). For a 5-year-old whose frustration tips into hitting, kicking, or throwing, the underlying problem is usually that somatic energy has nowhere acceptable to go — the limbic system mobilises the body and the prefrontal “use your words” command cannot compete. Substituting an approved, intense, safe motor outlet addresses the somatic need directly rather than fighting it. Polyvagal Theory (Porges, 2011) frames this as cycling from sympathetic activation back to ventral-vagal calm via movement + slow exhale. The AAP’s Power of Play clinical report (Yogman et al., 2018) recommends short bursts of vigorous physical activity for self-regulation, and the AAP’s preschool activity guidelines call for 3 hours of physical activity per day. Critical evidence-based caveat: never include hitting a pillow, punching bag, or person as a “release.” Bushman’s (2002) classic and decades of follow-up research disconfirmed the catharsis hypothesis — practising aggression increases later aggression rather than discharging it. The legitimate routine is discharge through non-aggressive motor activity → slow exhale → calm.