Childhood Map

Discover the amazing things 5-year-olds are learning — from climbing and jumping to friendships, feelings, and first words on a page. Each skill comes with fun activities you can try together.

Executive Functions

Higher-order cognitive processes that enable goal-directed behavior, self-regulation, and adaptive responses — the strongest predictor of school readiness.

Sources (7)
  • Diamond (2013) Executive Functions research
  • Miyake & Friedman (2012)
  • Zelazo (2015)
  • Tools of the Mind Curriculum
  • Head Start ELOF (Approaches to Learning / Cognitive Self-Regulation)
  • NAEYC
  • Polish IBE Research (Funkcje Wykonawcze)
7 Subdomains
Inhibitory Control Working Memory Cognitive Flexibility Planning & Organization Emotional Regulation (Hot Executive Function)9 Self-Monitoring & Metacognition Initiation & Task Engagement
Emotional Regulation (Hot Executive Function)

Managing emotional responses to achieve goals, including delaying gratification and coping with frustration.

Examples & Achievements

  • Waits for a larger reward instead of taking a smaller immediate one
  • Uses words to express frustration instead of hitting or crying
  • Calms down after a disappointment with minimal adult help
  • Persists with a challenging task instead of giving up immediately

How to Measure

  • Gift delay task (can wait 60 seconds before opening a wrapped gift)
  • Less-is-more task (point to smaller set to receive larger set)
  • Teacher/parent rating of emotional regulation (e.g., ERC - Emotion Regulation Checklist)
  • Observation of recovery time after frustration
Sources (3)
  • Zelazo (2015)
  • CASEL
  • Head Start ELOF
9 Exercises
Balloon Belly Breathing with a Stuffed Animal Mood Meter Check-In Wait-for-the-Surprise Cozy Corner with a Calm-Down Kit Turtle Technique Yoga Animal Poses The Persistence Tower Friendly Game Night Glitter Calm-Down Jar
Cozy Corner with a Calm-Down Kit

A small, child-owned calming space — cushion, soft light, a basket of sensory tools — that the child chooses to visit when big feelings rise. Not a time-out, not a consequence: a tool the child uses on themselves.

  1. Build it together, when the child is calm. Pick a quiet, visible spot — corner of the living room works; bedrooms can read as exile. Add: a soft cushion or beanbag, a small lamp or string lights, and a basket with 4–6 tools — a sealed glitter jar, a stress ball or squishy, a feelings- faces card, a picture book about emotions, optional noise- reducing headphones, a small stuffed animal.
  2. Name it on the child’s terms — “Cozy Corner,” “Calm Cave,” “Peace Place.” Let the child name and decorate it. Ownership is what makes it work.
  3. Practise during calm times — once a day for the first week, visit together. Try the glitter jar. Read a book in it. Do three belly breaths. The space must be paired with calm, not crisis, before it can be deployed in crisis.
  4. Introduce the cue: “When you feel your body get hot or your hands want to hit, your Cozy Corner is ready. You can go any time — you don’t need to ask.”
  5. Stay nearby; never order them in. When the child uses it (or you offer it), co-regulate from close by: sit nearby, breathe audibly, narrate gently (“You came here. Your body is working hard”). The corner is co-regulation that fades into self-regulation, not banishment.
  6. Debrief briefly later. Once fully calm: “What helped today? Anything you want to add to the basket?”

Variation: make a portable mini-kit in a zippered pouch (one breathing card, one fidget, one small soft item) for the car, restaurant, or school bag. Rotate one tool weekly to keep the basket fresh.

Requirements

  • Space: A small low-traffic corner of a shared room — ideally not a bedroom
  • Surface: Floor space about 1 m × 1 m, soft underfoot
  • Materials: Cushion or beanbag; small lamp or string lights; basket with 4–6 calming tools (sealed glitter jar, stress ball, feelings-faces card, picture book, optional plush, optional headphones)
  • Participants: Child uses it independently; adult co-regulates nearby when needed
  • Supervision: Light — always reachable, always visible; never locked or out of sight

Rationale & Objective

A dedicated calm-down space externalises self-regulation tools before a 5-year-old can self-generate them. By offering a predictable place, a tangible menu of strategies, and explicit permission to use it proactively, the activity builds the “I notice a big feeling → I have a strategy” sequence at the heart of executive function. The mechanism is well-established across modern SEL frameworks: Becky Bailey’s Safe Place in Conscious Discipline (one of the Seven Powers / Skills, paired with the STAR breathing tool); the Pyramid Model’s “safe spot” or “cozy area” as a Tier-2 targeted support; Yale’s RULER meta-moment (the adolescent/adult analog); and NAEYC’s “comfort corner” recommendation. Crucially, the research literature distinguishes a child-owned calm-down space from exclusionary time-out: NAEYC’s 2020 position statement and trauma-informed care research show that punitive time-out damages the very regulation circuitry one is trying to build — so framing matters as much as the cushion.

Progress Indicators

  • Early: visits only when an adult sits with them; treats the corner like a toy area; can’t yet name the feeling that brought them in
  • Developing: goes when prompted (“Do you need your Cozy Corner?”); uses 1–2 tools (often the glitter jar); can label “mad” or “sad” afterward
  • Proficient: self-initiates during mounting frustration before full meltdown; chooses a tool deliberately; says “I needed a break” afterward and re-enters the situation
  • Advanced: uses an internal version away from home (“I’m going to do my breaths”); generalises to novel settings (shop, school); suggests the corner to siblings or even parents

Safety Notes

  • Never use as punishment or threat (“Go to your corner!”) — research on exclusionary discipline shows time-out-as-banishment damages the regulation circuitry you are trying to build, especially in children with trauma histories
  • The space must stay visible and the child must be free to leave; never lock a door or pull a curtain that hides the child from view
  • Glitter jars in the basket must be sealed shut (hot-glue the lid); avoid loose beads, marbles, or button-sized fidgets — choking hazard, especially with a younger sibling in the home
  • Weighted lap pads if used must be under 10% of body weight, never over the face, and only with pediatrician approval for children with respiratory issues
  • Use shatter-resistant plastic (not glass) for any liquid-filled bottle in the basket; check the seal monthly for leaks
  • Avoid scented candles or essential-oil diffusers in reach of a child; safer alternatives are dried lavender pouches or scent-free options

Hints

  • Playfulness: let the child name and decorate the corner (paper sign, fairy lights, a special pillow). A homemade “Open / In Use” door sign gives them agency
  • Sustain interest: rotate one item weekly — week 2 add lavender play-dough; week 3 add a feelings picture book (The Colour Monster is a 5-year-old favourite); week 4 add a small unbreakable mirror to practise “calm face.” Tools that become invisible to the child get swapped
  • Common mistake: sending the child there as punishment (kills the association forever); crowding the basket with regular toys (it becomes a play zone); hovering and lecturing instead of just being present; skipping the calm-time practice so the corner is unfamiliar in a real crisis
  • Limited space: a single floor cushion plus a shoebox kit on a shelf counts; in a small flat, the kit can live under the sofa and come out for use
  • Cross-domain: read feelings books in the corner (language + emotion vocabulary); pair breathing with glitter-jar watching (interoception); draw a picture of the feeling afterward (visual arts + reflection); practise STAR breathing in the corner (self-regulation routine)
  • Progression: parent co-located → parent in same room → parent in another room → child uses the corner unprompted → portable mini-kit for car / restaurant / school → internal version (“I’m going to take a moment”) without any physical kit

Sources

  • Bailey, B. A. (2015). Conscious Discipline: Building Resilient Classrooms (Expanded & Updated Edition). Loving Guidance — Seven Powers / Skills, Safe Place, STAR breathing
  • Brackett, M. A. (2019). Permission to Feel. Celadon Books — RULER framework and the meta-moment
  • Hemmeter, M. L., Ostrosky, M. M. & Fox, L. (2021). Unpacking the Pyramid Model: A Practical Guide for Preschool Teachers. Brookes Publishing
  • National Center for Pyramid Model Innovations / CSEFEL — "Practical Strategies for Teaching Social Emotional Skills" (safe place / cozy area)
  • NAEYC (2020). Standing Together Against Suspension & Expulsion in Early Childhood — joint position statement against exclusionary discipline
  • Florez, I. R. (2011). "Developing Young Children's Self-Regulation through Everyday Experiences." Young Children, NAEYC
  • Hatton-Bowers, H., Howell Smith, M., Huynh, T. et al. (2020). Conscious Discipline implementation outcomes in early childhood settings
  • Head Start ELOF — Social and Emotional Development (Relationships with Adults; Emotional Functioning)
  • CASEL — Self-Management competency (managing emotions; identifying and using stress-management strategies)
  • Conscious Discipline — SAMHSA's National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices listing; CASEL SELect designation

A small, child-owned calming space — cushion, soft light, a basket of sensory tools — that the child chooses to visit when big feelings rise. Not a time-out, not a consequence: a tool the child uses on themselves.

  1. Build it together, when the child is calm. Pick a quiet, visible spot — corner of the living room works; bedrooms can read as exile. Add: a soft cushion or beanbag, a small lamp or string lights, and a basket with 4–6 tools — a sealed glitter jar, a stress ball or squishy, a feelings- faces card, a picture book about emotions, optional noise- reducing headphones, a small stuffed animal.
  2. Name it on the child’s terms — “Cozy Corner,” “Calm Cave,” “Peace Place.” Let the child name and decorate it. Ownership is what makes it work.
  3. Practise during calm times — once a day for the first week, visit together. Try the glitter jar. Read a book in it. Do three belly breaths. The space must be paired with calm, not crisis, before it can be deployed in crisis.
  4. Introduce the cue: “When you feel your body get hot or your hands want to hit, your Cozy Corner is ready. You can go any time — you don’t need to ask.”
  5. Stay nearby; never order them in. When the child uses it (or you offer it), co-regulate from close by: sit nearby, breathe audibly, narrate gently (“You came here. Your body is working hard”). The corner is co-regulation that fades into self-regulation, not banishment.
  6. Debrief briefly later. Once fully calm: “What helped today? Anything you want to add to the basket?”

Variation: make a portable mini-kit in a zippered pouch (one breathing card, one fidget, one small soft item) for the car, restaurant, or school bag. Rotate one tool weekly to keep the basket fresh.

A dedicated calm-down space externalises self-regulation tools before a 5-year-old can self-generate them. By offering a predictable place, a tangible menu of strategies, and explicit permission to use it proactively, the activity builds the “I notice a big feeling → I have a strategy” sequence at the heart of executive function. The mechanism is well-established across modern SEL frameworks: Becky Bailey’s Safe Place in Conscious Discipline (one of the Seven Powers / Skills, paired with the STAR breathing tool); the Pyramid Model’s “safe spot” or “cozy area” as a Tier-2 targeted support; Yale’s RULER meta-moment (the adolescent/adult analog); and NAEYC’s “comfort corner” recommendation. Crucially, the research literature distinguishes a child-owned calm-down space from exclusionary time-out: NAEYC’s 2020 position statement and trauma-informed care research show that punitive time-out damages the very regulation circuitry one is trying to build — so framing matters as much as the cushion.